when making a thermometer style chart what is the key
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William Speirs Bruce
| William Speirs Bruce | |
 | |
| Born | August 1, 1867(1867-08-01) London, United Kingdom |
|---|---|
| Died | October 28, 1921 (aged 54) Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Education | Norfolk County School, University of Edinburgh |
| Occupation | Naturalist, polar scientist and explorer |
| Spouse(s) | Jessie Bruce, née Mackenzie |
| Children | Eillium Alastair Bruce and Sheila Mackenzie Bruce |
| Parents | Samuel Noble Bruce and Mary Bruce, née Lloyd |
William Speirs Bruce (August 1, 1867–October 28, 1921) was a London-born Scottish naturalist, polar scientist and oceanographer who organized and led the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–04). He also made many journeys to the Arctic regions, both for scientific and for commercial purposes.
Bruce had initially intended to study medicine, but his outlook changed after he attended extra-curricular courses in the natural sciences during the summer of 1887. After these courses he began to develop a wider range of scientific interests, and in 1892 he abandoned his medical studies at the University of Edinburgh, to join the Dundee Whaling Expedition to Antarctica as a scientific assistant. This was followed by Arctic voyages to Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen and Franz Josef Land (where he met Fridtjof Nansen). In 1899 Bruce applied for a scientific post on the British National Antarctic Expedition (later known as the Discovery Expedition). Delays in confirming this appointment, and differences with Royal Geographical Society (RGS) president Sir Clements Markham, led him instead to organize his own expedition to the South Orkney Islands and the Weddell Sea—the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE). Bruce later founded the Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory in 1906, but his subsequent Antarctic plans—a proposed transcontinental march via the South Pole—were thwarted through lack of public and financial support. These plans were adopted by Sir Ernest Shackleton as the basis for his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914–17.
Between 1907 and 1920 Bruce revisited the Arctic seven times, mostly in connection with mineral prospecting ventures in Spitsbergen which, however, failed to produce the anticipated commercial benefits. He received various awards for his polar work, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Aberdeen, but neither he nor any of his SNAE colleagues were recommended by the Royal Geographical Society for the prestigious Polar Medal. This omission rankled with Bruce all his life.
Bruce's failure to mount any major exploration ventures after SNAE is usually attributed to his lack of public relations skills, his ability to make powerful enemies, and his fervent Scottish nationalism. By 1919 his health was failing, and he experienced several spells in hospital before his death in 1921, after which he was almost totally forgotten. In recent years, following the centenary of the Scottish Expedition, efforts have been made to give fuller recognition to his role in the history of scientific polar exploration.
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